Overnight Index Swap (OIS) – 1

To understand Overnight Index Swap (OIS) in depth we need to know some basics related to it.

What is Swap?

A swap basically means exchange. So any financial product suffixed or prefixed by words swap would indicate the exchange of something. This something might be future cash flows, interest rates (fixed or floating), currencies or a combination of the above.

What is an Interest rate swap?

An interest rate swap involved the exchange of interest rates. It can be fixed to floating rate swap, floating rate to another floating swap or a fixed to fixed rate swap. It can involved swapping rates in different currencies as well. Quonto Swap and Currency Swap

Overnight Index swap

OIS is a contract involving swapping a Read more »

Indian Aviation Sector: Flying Out of Clouds

These are early days yet, but the Indian aviation industry seems to be turning the corner-slowly and surely.

  • Close to 4.5 million passengers flew in India in December, which  was the highest number of passengers flying domestically ever.
  • Airlines are already pushing with expansion plans, Indigo a low  cost carrier which serves 20 Indian cities, is expanding its network.
  • The airline are also on a hiring spree with Indigo set to hire  1000 more people in the coming months, including 100 flight crew and 400 cabin crew
  • Jet Airways and Spicejet are so bullish that they expect to stay  in the black in the coming quarters and Kingfisher hopes to become profitable in the next financial year
  • Clearly, the Indian aviation industry seems to have risen from  the ashes of 2008

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USD-INR Charting its own course…

Equity markets continued their journey north with all major markets closing in the green for the week. The Sensex was up 100 points with indices worldwide crossing recent highs. Gold ended unchanged from last week at 1107. The European leaders seem to have a worked up an arrangement to help Greece ending the long stalemate between the leaders. The help from IMF might be necessary and unavoidable but does not bode well for the European Union. The US Dollar strengthened across the board rising against all major currencies. Supported by strong fundamentals inside and sovereign worries in other parts of the world the USD continues to stage a notable rally. On the contrary the USDINR seems to be much less affected by risk appetite in the global front. While the USD strengthened against almost all currencies it depreciated almost 30 paise over last week against the INR before closing at 45.23-24 levels. Strong fundamentals and high returns are driving capital inflows in the country could drive the USDINR further down however we see strong support at these levels and some importer demand might take the pair to 45.50 levels this week.


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IFRS on Effective Interest Rate

Effective Interest Rate

Effective Interest Rate (EIR) is a new concept to the existing Indian GAAP.

TheEffective Interest Rate (EIR) method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or a financial liability and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period.

TheEffective Interest Rate (EIR)use in the allocation process is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash flows (receipts or payments) to the net carrying amount of the financial instrument through the expected life of this instrument.

EIR calculation is not the same as for Yield to Maturity (YTM). YTM is nothing but the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the bond. But Effective Interest Rate (EIR) may also include some non-interest components such as loan origination charges, processing fees as part of the effective rate.

Under IFRS income from Loans and receivables has to be recognized through application of effective interest rate.

An illustration given below gives better clarity for calculation of Effective Interest Rate (EIR).


Given Data:

Nominal value (payable in 5 years’ time) INR 1,250
Loan origination fee (inflow) INR 40
Transaction costs (directly related to loan origination, outflow) INR (90)
Net transaction costs (40-90) INR (50)
Fair value (net of transaction costs and fees) (1250+50) INR 1,300
Coupon Rate 4.70%


Calculation of INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN based on above data:

Year 0 -1300
Year 1 (1250*4.7%) 59
Year 2 (1250*4.7%) 59
Year 3 (1250*4.7%) 59
Year 4 (1250*4.7%) 59
Year 5 1250 + (1250*4.7%) 1309

Thus IRR will work out to 3.83%

Thus companies has to maintain Coupon rate as well as EIR which will practically for each transaction will be a major task and will add significantly  load on IT systems.

Author: CA Shalini Tibe, IFRS Consultant

BGR Energy: Recommendation Buy

BGR Energy: Building the Indian Power Story

Last week I heard a very interesting story which eventually gave me the idea of investing in BGR Energy Systems Ltd. Thought of sharing with you.

Years back when the South African Government opened their country for outsiders to come and do mining for diamonds, entrepreneurs form all over the world rushed to South Africa in the hope of finding diamonds and changing their fortunes. Of them only very few were able to do so and become rich. But there was one African business man who instead of joining this rat race to discover diamond started the business of selling/renting hammers and other mining material whoever was coming to discover diamond. He eventually became a millionaire and one of the most successful entrepreneur of this Diamond run.

I hope some of you must have realized the point I am trying to put here. In India currently most of the companies are running to set up the power plant to generate power and other half are running to build the great power generating turbines or boilers. But very few are there in the business of building the Balance of Plants (BOP) which accounts for more than 35% of the total money spent in building up a power plant.

Thus, I strongly believe that there is a huge potential in this sector and BGR energy being the undisputed leader with a strong order book and execution track record offers great long term investment opportunity.

I would recommend one to start a SIP form of investment in this stock for a minimum of 2.5-3 years period, since at the current levels investing lump sum might be a little dangerous given the market conditions.

Happy Investing….!!

Author: Rahul Sonthalia, Analyst, Kredent Group

BGR Energy: Building the Indian Power Story

Last week I heard a very interesting story which eventually gave me the idea of investing in BGR Energy Systems Ltd. Thought of sharing with you.

Years back when the South African Government opened their country for outsiders to come and do mining for diamonds, entrepreneurs form all over the world rushed to South Africa in the hope of finding diamonds and changing their fortunes. Of them only very few were able to do so and become rich. But there was one African business man who instead of joining this rat race to discover diamond started the business of selling/renting hammers and other mining material whoever was coming to discover diamond. He eventually became a millionaire and one of the most successful entrepreneurs of this Diamond run.

I hope some of you must have realized the point I am trying to put here. In India currently most of the companies are running to set up the power plant to generate power and other half are running to build the great power generating turbines or boilers. But very few are there in the business of building the Balance of Plants (BOP) which accounts for more than 35% of the total money spent in building up a power plant.

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RBI Raises Repo, Reverse Repo Rates

Before getting into the details, let us first understand -

What is Repo Rate?

Definition of Repo Rate: Whenever the banks have any shortage of funds they can borrow it from RBI. Repo rate is the rate at which commercial banks borrow rupees from RBI. A reduction in the repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.

What is Reverse Repo Rate?

Definition of Reverse Repo Rate: It is the rate at which Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks. Banks are always happy to lend money to RBI since their money are in safe hands with a good interest. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause the banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates. It can cause the money to be drawn out of the banking system.

In order to tame inflation, anchoring inflationary expectations and considering the signs of strong economic revival  RBI on March 19 , 2010 announced Monetary Policy Measures  with immediate effects:

  • to raise the repo rate under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) by 25 basis points from 4.75 % to 5 %
  • to raise the reverse repo rate under the LAF by 25 basis points from 3.25% to 3.5%

This is the second action since January when RBI announced a 75-basis point rise in the cash reserve ratio (CRR) to 5.75 per cent. But, unlike CRR, which is used to manage liquidity in the system, an increase in the repo and reserve repo rates is aimed at signaling an increase in interest rates.

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Comparison of IFRS and Indian Accounting Standards

IFRS is a novel way of looking at accounting. IFRS is a “principle-based” standards rather than “rule-based” standard which are currently followed.

Under IFRS there is need to apply professional judgment consistent with intent and spirit of standards.

Various countries have adapted to IFRS in different ways, often embedding local cultures and that is why there are no standard rules; only broad principles which define the outer boundary of accounting.

IFRS fixed assets rules questions valuation on historical cost basis, questions application of uniform rates of depreciation on all components of a fixed asset as also the amortization of intangible assets such as goodwill or patents.

In IFRS off-balance sheet transactions had been made as part of accounts; it brings a whole new meaning to the reported numbers.

It defines control of entities not through percentage of holdings but by the decision-making power inherent in the parent company.

Top management has, thus, to work out new targets of earnings depending on the direction of impact caused by the new accounting principles and recognising the IFRS GAAP differences.

Earnings will no more be a steady figure that can be easily targeted depending as it is not just on sales and expenses but also changes in asset values and the ability to measure those correctly.

To be adequately prepared for IFRS, senior management has to also shape up by analyzing which management models and strategies will work best for their organizations facing a huge level of turbulence and thus should prepare an IFRS roadmap.


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Rating upgrade, rate hike – Growth on track

Equity markets continued the uptrend with all major markets closing in the green for the week. The Sensex was up 500 points. On the global front, nothing much changed vis-a-vis risk appetite as stand-off over Greece continued to haunt the Euro, which shed 300 pips during the week. The week also saw concerns over asset bubble in China and more pressure being put on China to appreciate its currency. While the global outlook continues to be bleak over the sovereign risk, the domestic outlook gained a fillip with S&P raising India’s rating from negative to stable. This seems to be a reward for the fiscal prudence being followed by the government and also the stable economic and political environment. Inflation crossed RBI target of 8.5 % and was 9.89% for Feb 2010 prompting RBI to raise policy rates by 25 basis points. USDINR was in range for the week and did not break 45.60 and 45.33 on either side. We see continued consolidation in this range with importer buying and state-bids conflicting with the positive sentiment that would otherwise take the pair downwards.

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Challenges for implementation of IFRS

Key Practical Challenges for implementation of IFRS in India for Banking Industry

No stable Platform: There are many changes / amendment taking place for most of the standards from International Accounting Standard Board there has been no stable platform ready for banks.

Training: All Stakeholders has to be conversant and shall be able to understand and interpret Financials prepared as per IFRS. Training to personnel in an organization is a most crucial.

Judgment: Banks in India are subject to regulatory guidelines provided by regulator i.e. RBI where as under IFRS in most of the areas management judgment is required in framing accounting policy and procedures.

Fair Value: There is extensive use of fair value under IFRS and for assessment of fair value there is need for specialization which is seldom.

Data Capture: There has been modification in reporting system under IFRS and also there has been changes in recognition criteria and an extensive disclosure requirement will require new data and also extraction of historical data for retrospective application will be difficult.

Consolidation of Accounts: IFRS requires data requirement from subsidiary, joint ventures and associates for consolidation purpose at every reporting date. Also policies and procedures have to be consistent throughout the group.

Author : CA Shalini Tibe

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